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Workbench / Tone & Signal

Reactance & Resonance

Xc, XL, LC resonance and RC time constant.

Components

REACTANCE VS FREQUENCY1101001k10k100k1000k100 m1101001 k10 k100 k1 M10 MFREQUENCY (Hz)REACTANCE (Ω)1 kHzf₀ 1.59 kHz
Xc (100 nF)XL (100 mH)R (10 kΩ)
Xc at f
1.59 kΩ
XL at f
628 Ω
LC resonance f₀
1.59 kHz
Z₀ 1 kΩ · Q 0.1
RC time constant
1 ms
corner 159 Hz
Series RC |Z| at f
10.1 kΩ
phase -9.0°
C100 nFL100 mHR10 kΩ
Components under test
Engineering Notes

How it works

Reactance is the frequency-dependent "resistance" of capacitors and inductors, measured in ohms. A capacitor's reactance falls with frequency (it passes treble); an inductor's rises (it passes bass). This simple pair of formulas underlies every filter, tone control, coupling network and power-supply choke in a valve amplifier:

Xc = 1 / (2π·f·C) XL = 2π·f·L

Where the two lines cross on the log-log chart, the reactances are equal (the LC resonant frequency), and the characteristic impedance Z₀ sets how sharply a circuit rings:

f₀ = 1 / (2π·√(L·C)) Z₀ = √(L/C) Q = Z₀ / R (series)

A resistor and capacitor form a time constant τ = R·C; the corresponding corner frequency 1/(2πRC) is where Xc equals R. Use this page as a quick bench reference whenever you need to know what a part "looks like" at a given frequency.